Eink always could be driven quickly. The issue is that LCDs are more powerful efficient at high refresh rates
EInk needs a lot of power to move the heavier ink particles around. If you are doing that more and more rapidly, then even more power is drawn.
By 75Hz, I'm almost certain that LCD is far more power efficient. The LCD pixel (aka the liquid crystal) is a glorified capacitor, it takes some power to charge but it's exceptionally 'light' compared to eink.
That's why LCDs can go faster and faster. It's just physics. A capacitor / twisted crystal uses less power to turn on or off than EInk.
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EInks advantage is that if you turn off power, the ink stays put. So you spend a ton of power moving the ink around and then save lots and lots of power over the next seconds, minutes or more.
That's why EInk is ideal for once-a-day updates of prices (or other retailer tasks). The less you update, the less power used.
Thanks. That article seems to have the quote I was looking for.
> E-ink screens are quite power hungry when it comes to peak current. Modern high-resolution panels can consume >20 W peak.
This is where I was wondering and yeah, 20+W is pretty hefty to support a relatively small 8" EInk screen or something.
All those updates cost all that power as long as updates are occurring. Maybe you can optimize many of them away (if some parts of the screen don't move, especially if software was rewritten to optimize for the display).
More importantly, it sounds like you've created a full custom FPGA controller over the voltages that go into an EInk display? That's impressive in its own right even if I don't think 75Hz is a good idea lol.
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FPGA or Full Blown Microprocessor are the only choices here. A high power SIMD/NEON arm64 probably could do the job, but I think the Spartan6 is a good choice as well and has more obvious and straightforward parallelism (and probably all the pins required to control the screen. Even a big microprocessor won't have as many low latency pins as an FPGA).
> Maybe you can optimize many of them away (if some parts of the screen don't move, especially if software was rewritten to optimize for the display).
Yes, that’s definitely something we want to work toward. As the community grows, we hope to tackle these kinds of optimizations together.
> A high power SIMD/NEON arm64 probably could do the job, but I think the Spartan6 is a good choice as well and has more obvious and straightforward parallelism
Yes, precisely for the reasons you stated. We also talk more about it below:
> “Traditionally, the [e-paper display] controller used a single-state machine to control the entire panel, with only two states: static and updating,” says Modos cofounder Wenting Zhang. “Caster treats each pixel individually rather than as a whole panel, which allows localized control on the pixels.”
So in practice would it ever actually hit 20W unless you're doing something that requires constantly updating the whole screen, like playing a video game or watching a video? Surely updating only a few pixels at a time can't be that power hungry, right?
You guys should do a collab with the framework people. I bet they'd be happy to offer an e-ink screen on their laptops just as an option. I've been waiting on an e-ink option for ages.
E-Ink's other advantage is being a non-emissive display. Transflective LCD displays have low contrast. I'm literally holding an e-ink tablet over the transflective monitor I'm typing this on and the difference in contrast at the same ambient illumination is considerable. If the price were right, I'd definitely consider a 75 Hz e-ink monitor even if the power draw was more than a normal LCD monitor.
In my experience using e-ink readers (admittedly I have a Kobo, which may not be the state of the art), I would like to refresh the screen rapidly in bursts -navigating menus, flipping past an index - and then have a non-backlit screen with low power cost to show the same content for a while. In other words, a variable refresh rate.
If you think of the refresh rate not as a constant frequency but as variable with user input, there are some cases where driving eink quickly in short bursts could make sense? It seems like this project offers a foundation for such a controller, where e-reader controllers are strictly optimizing for low refresh rates. E-ink is not going to be competitive for playing a video game or watching a video, but you can create a more responsive experience with less eye strain for typical tasks like marking up documents.
Yes, that’s the mental model I’ve been working from. Variable refresh tied to user input makes a lot of sense: short bursts of speed for navigation or editing, then settling into a low-power static state.
Part of the challenge is deciding what belongs in hardware and what should sit higher up in the OS or software stack.
Hopefully, as more people get the kits and the community grows, we’ll be able to think through these questions together and explore where the right balance between hardware and software should be.
That sounds like the way to go. In terms of reading books (my normal usage of e-ink readers) you don't need 60hz when flipping a page, but it's a must when trying to use an app menu, or using Google Drive for example.
Identifying when to increase the refresh rate may be a challenge but I can see it pretty doable for this kind of "limited" scenarios where you either read or navigate a storage app.
> EInks advantage is that if you turn off power, the ink stays put.
E-ink's other advantage is that it reads like paper. In a desktop context I could not possibly care less about the power consumption, but being able to read a forum thread, chat channel, HN discussion, etc. without a backlight would make my eyes very happy.
Whereas it may be used in outdoors-like natural lighting, it is not (always) true that it is "usable in the sun". On one such product¹ there's this "Important Notice" advising users to "avoid exposing the E-ink screen to direct sunlight or intense ultraviolet rays, as this may cause irreversible damage to the screen."
Is there any actual scientific study saying anything either way?
I'm aware of a lot of anecdotal evidence in favor of e-ink displays being easier on the eyes than normal LCDs in some way, my own personal experience included, but I will happily admit I'm wrong if there are studies indicating otherwise.
I like my Kindle and DIY e-ink weather display but I'm not religious about it. I wouldn't be shocked to find out it was just a weird placebo thing because it's different.
there's a study from Havard concluding "e-ink is 3 times better for eye health than LCD" but it feels rather dubious from the claims (blue light stressing more the retina... like i couldn't use a glass or apply a filter on my screen), light intensity (again...), in-vitro study and who funded the study (a great e-ink screen producer) -> https://sid.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jsid.1191
i probably read hundred books since i sold my e-reader and moved to my smartphone. i really like having a single device. battery is fine. physical books with images still rocks but maybe becuse i don't have a tablet :)
I've spent thousands of hours (I think) reading on a phone. I even prefer it over a physical book because it doesn't have that annoying crease and it doesn't spoil the story by telling me how far along in the book I am.
The problem is that there's not even a hypothesis for how light reflecting off an e-ink display could be easier on the eyes than light emitted from an LCD, unless the LCD is using PWM dimming of the backlight and thus flickering. I've never seen a claim that e-ink displays are easier on the eyes get further than the most obvious question: have you tried e-ink and LCD at the same brightness and similar color temperature?
How would that comparison work using an e-ink display illuminated only with ambient light in the room?
(i.e. setting the "frontlight" brightness to 0% on a Kindle, which would also eliminate color temperature control other than room ambient light).
It does seem hard to believe that e-ink + a reflected frontlight would be any easier on the eyes than an LCD backlight (particularly since it's probably also using PWM). But an e-ink display on its own at least removes an additional light source pointing directly at the eyes, which could provide a potential mechanism for different effects on the eyes/brain.
> But an e-ink display on its own at least removes an additional light source pointing directly at the eyes, which could provide a potential mechanism for different effects on the eyes/brain.
Not really, since LCD/OLED aren't an additional light source, but absorb and thus replace the ambient light that would be coming from their direction.
I don't know the science, but my experience is that my brain is simply able to process and retain information so much better with eInk than with LCD screens.
I started as a teenager with cathodic tubes, which were killing my eyes and bringing daily headaches; moved on to LCDs which stopped the headaches but still tire my eyes significantly (some of them literally make me cry after a few minutes); and then found eInk and it's so much better, I will definitely move to that once prices of large color monitors at 60hz get into my price range. I honestly don't care about power draw one bit.
Not really, since it's not just about the light intensity, but also its spectral power distribution. This especially matters when using the display in a darker environment with low-temperature illumination, e.g. when reading before bed.
Quick experiment to show the effect: Go into a room with low 2700K or lower-temp lighting. Take an LCD, set its colour temperature same as the external lighting, then display an all-black screen. Since the screen is displaying #000, the software colour temp adjustment can't do anything, and you'll see the screen as emitting blue light, the colour of its backlight.
OLEDs don't have this issue, which makes them great for night-time use when configured properly, but they also generally use low-frequency PWM dimming on low brightness.
> Not really, since LCD/OLED aren't an additional light source, but absorb and thus replace the ambient light that would be coming from their direction.
Don’t they actually have to over power the reflection you would see with the screen off?
E-Ink’s brightness is naturally proportional to ambient lighting. From indoors to bright sunshine.
Their brightness can also be conveniently, even subconsciously controlled, by how they are held.
LCDs can be dimmed and brightened, but matching the E-Inks “response” in both brightness and contrast over a high range of ambient lighting would be difficult. Probably impossible without an LCD specifically designed to do that.
Huh? I never read studies about it, but no hypothesis?
I frequently stumbled upon the assumption that a LCD screen is pulsed and flickers and that makes all the difference as E-Ink is more steady. (Artificial lightsources can also flicker, but with reflection it evens out)
In (old?) theory too fast for the eyes to notice, but I surely notice a difference.
You wait for the science then. I'm not sure about anyone else, but I can't use an LCD screen for more than 30 minutes without getting a headache. I use my e-ink screen all day without it triggering a headache.
Before I got the e-ink screen, yes, more or less. At the peak I did little screen-based development and a lot of pen-and-paper maths. I thought I would have to give programming away, and retrained for a different job. I got the e-ink screen 1 year ago and since then have slowly started developing again.
It is fair for you to think I assumed the poster was a software developer, but in fact I looked him up before I made my comment and that is how he makes a living. (Unless something has changed recently.) I am genuinely curious how people (he's not the only one I know of) with such high sensitivity to LCD screens manage a career where staring at such screens for prolonged periods is the norm.
Out of curiosity, if you have 75Hz but you're refreshing sparingly (e.g. you're in VSCode writing, unless you're scrolling, most pixels remain unchanged), wouldn't e-ink remain power-efficient?
Probably. E-ink drivers ("waveforms" is, I believe, the term of art) frequently target refreshes only at the portion of the display that has updated, using rectangles or other more-specific geometries to limit that area.
For text updates, where there's literally a cursor which moves at typing speeds, update frequency is quite low. Where you're updating or paging through documents, paginated navigation (where the whole screen refreshes at once, then remains unchanged for several seconds to minutes or longer) is quite efficient.
That requires the operating system to “hint” to the display that there’s no refresh necessary and for the display to shut down during those times. That’s currently not supported as these kits just take a video signal, but it’s something being worked on for a future version!
Edit: You work on that stuff, right? Then this armchair experting feels silly, just imagine it's for other readers.
It seems much more practical (if a little less power-efficient) to implement the no diff -> no refresh logic for screen regions in the display hardware. The RAM and logic for a display-side framebuffer can't be expensive today, a couple of Euros for the extra board space and chip(s). If that stuff takes off, just additional transistors in the all-in-one ASIC.
For the whole screen, that more or less already exists in laptop hardware: "panel self-refresh". HDMI and DiplayPort might need a new extension or something? Is there anything?
The Embedded DisplayPort standard has had the panel self-refresh feature since 2011, and the partial update feature since ~2015. I found a press release from Parade in early 2017 for a TCON supporting the partial refresh feature. I don't think there's anything missing from the ecosystem other than a strong impetus to use those features.
Yes! I work with the Modos team. You’re exactly right - ideally we want region-based refresh hinting. The SDK supports some region based features - we’d like to extend that functionality.
“Traditionally, the [e-paper display] controller used a single-state machine to control the entire panel, with only two states: static and updating,” says Modos cofounder Wenting Zhang. “Caster treats each pixel individually rather than as a whole panel, which allows localized control on the pixels.”
Is this saying that it is an either-or situation? Ideal would be a device that can be written fast when needed, but can also hold. Is there some more fundamental thing at a pixel level that links agility with retention?
E Ink uses microscopic ink bubbles that gets attracted to positive and negative voltages. The ink stays around when attraction stops, holding image. But the ink also require much stronger force than regular LCDs to move around.
LCDs use articulation of liquid crystal chemicals that change shape thus polarization upon application of voltages. They tend to slowly deform back to "the other" state when voltages are removed, and also tend to chemically break down if not moved back to the neutral state. LCDs are driven in pseudo-alternating current for this reason, and never held at either extremes for long time, for this reason.
So you can drive E Ink at 75Hz or whatever, it'll just take more power than it takes LCD to do so, and the last pixel states will persist. Or you can leave LCDs at extremes and disconnect the power, but it will lead to degradation if intentionally used that way.
What you can't do is 1) "watt per frame" figures of LCD, with 2) persistence, and 3) long life. (1, 3) is LCD, (2, 3) is E Ink, (1, 2) is LCD abused as if it's E Ink at expense of rapid degradation, and (1, 2, 3) is the holy grail.
Are LCD screens driven on a pixel by pixel basis, or is the entire screen driven on each refresh? Because the article says they're only causing changed pixels to refresh.
If so, you're probably still right when it comes to watching a video or something, but e-ink could be more efficient for drawing, writing, or reading.
IIUC, display controllers normally iterate rows and columns like a double for loop. The outer loop increments the row counter, inner one increments the column, and the voltage meets at the current pixel at pixels[i * j]. Most LCD controllers don't take pixel(i, j) or pixel[i * j] as the input, but expects a synchronize() signal to reset both counters followed by transfers of either row[width] in rows[height] or pixels[width * height].
The bare panel, for both LCD and EPD, would consist of a pair of glasses vapor coated with transparent indium tin oxide, chemically etched as bunch of horizontal lines on the first one and vertical in the other one, with corresponding choice of fluids suspended inbetween. It would be possible to wire a custom fabricated controller onto those row and column electrodes to drive individual pixels. I guess that is what is being done here.
I had worked on mirasol technology. I believe the colors on newer prototypes were much better than any e-reader tech till date. The issues were related to manufacturing most importantly.
That's what I'm wondering about. I wouldn't mind temporary higher energy usage to get smoother interactions, but I'm not sure what the long-term impact on the screen is.
Flipping pages right now is very annoying. Slow and with the weird redrawing flashing. If they can find a way to fix that it'll be 100% worth it, even if it means high power draw on page changes.
Kobo devices do a full page refresh periodically, which is probably what you're seeing. iirc it will do it on chapter transitions to make it less jarring.
Basically, it's intentional and relatively rare (unless you have really really short chapters).
and a colour Boox. The refresh on the Boox is so fast, you can watch video.
I don't think the Meebook has refresh issues, it's definitely very fast for back/forward. Of course I don't have page turn animations on. I use the kindle app on it, and KOreader. If you get this, know that there is a thread to drop in a script, so the volume buttons page turn correctly when upside down.
If you live in Amazon turf, you can always buy and return if not suitable?
It is not as easy as that. The nature of EInk displays allows them to be usable without a backlight LCDs need backlights constantly, any analysis which doesn't take this into account is irrelevant.
In any case, it is not clear that, even if EInk Displays are somewhat worse in power consumption, they aren't a superior display technology.
IANAE but won't e-ink at high refresh rates have the same benefit as OLED in terms of only refreshing what needs changing? perhaps in practical situations the power consumption should be lower than the worst-case scenario.
In the DIY electronics scene, I’ve occasionally come across posts about small cheap e-ink displays essentially burning in and how to try and avoid it (shifting things around like on OLED)
This could be actual burn in, or it could be a failure in how they are refreshing (with some potential fix if refreshed properly). I’m not familiar enough to be certain myself, but I personally suspect they are likely being driven too hard and are truly damaged.
In normal e-reader use I’ve never seen this as a practical issue.
For dynamic content, a higher refresh rate absolutely will lower an eink panel's lifespan. As the refresh rate increases, more of the underlying content's changes will be captured and more pixels will change state.
I have an e-ink display that's now 15 years old. It's definitely a bit less clean, there is sometimes mild ghosting even after doing a full refresh. Doing two refreshes in quick succession fixes that.
I also have another display that was exposed to full sunlight through a window for about 8 years. It's now a bit faded as a result.
1 million switches for a pixel is about 5.5 hours at 50 Hz, assuming the worst case of a state change on every frame. Surely it can't be that bad for larger panels? The existing e-ink monitors from Dasung and Onyx would have had problems by now.
I imagine most people are using those monitors for text-based applications, which have a much lower rate of pixel change. Still - the pixel switch lifetime is currently a limitiation of eink.
Yes you can kill or degrade them if you drive them too hard, but achieving higher refresh rates and less ghosting is mostly about finer calibration and faster lookups on bigger tables
So I guess an e-ink display would not be good with my book reading habits then. I will often scroll a few lines at a time and that sounds power expensive.
I assume that's what Sharp Memory LCDs are doing to reach their absurdly low power specs.
I dunno if LCD screens are multiplexed, but embedded LCDs could need as many as 8x on/off cycles per pixel (because you save 87% fewer wires if you chain 8x pixels on the same line and then put them on different biases and have weird COMmon pins and rows and crap).
Sharp claims that a bit of storage is on each LCD/capacitor and this saves power somehow with smarter decision making. I assume it's minimizing the wasted power somehow (or even recycling the previous power shoved into the capacitor, which typically just goes to waste).
It's some proprietary formula in any case, so it's all guesswork. Only the Sharp Engineer/Inventor would know for sure.
From what I've tried to glean from patents and whitepapers, they have memory in the panel so that each sub-pixel can hold its state without being driven by the controller. The controller also can address sub-regions under the control of the application processor.
The net effect is that the app can vary refresh rate and also update a small part of the screen while leaving the rest static. In Garmin smartwatches, this is used to switch between 1 Hz, 1/60 Hz, and a hybrid mode where the overall screen is 1/60 Hz and small part is updated at 1 Hz. E.g. the seconds digits may remain active while the rest of the screen is static.
It also seems like they use more interesting sub-pixel arrangements. The limited color depth may involve different combinations of 1-bit sub-pixels rather than any cells driven into partially twisted states. I've seen diagrams claiming some white (unfiltered) and RGB filtered sub-pixels of different sizes.
I am absolutely not surprised to see his name behind this startup. I've been following his work for years at this point; his YouTube channel has always deeply impressed me, and he's done wonderful open source work in the realm of E-paper for quite some time now.
The article doesn't even touch on what I think is one of the coolest features: the ability to change update modes locally in subregions of the panel. And even better, they're already working on integrating that with the Wayland Content Type Hint protocol to let the compositor automatically pick the right mode for a given application for you, which then would work even if multiple applications are on the screen[0].
Yes, this is one of the areas I’m most excited about; it makes e-ink more practical for everyday use and opens the space for experimentation. In the long run, as the community grows and more people get involved, we’ll see even more possibilities.
I play chess on a e-ink smartphone and it is a nice break for my eyes in the evening.
I can not wait for the moment when I would be able to code on a nice colored e-ink desktop screen
BOOX has 13" Tab X C color e-ink reader, which runs Android. I have non-color version (Tab X), and used it few times to work under bright sun (in vim, connected over mosh/ssh to my laptop + wireless keyboard). It was okay experience - not perfect, but quite comfortable.
Be warned: each layer of eink reduces contrast. With 4 layers, the contrast of the color boox tablet is terrible. Also, if you buy from boox, you have to pay about $50 to return it. Not worth it at all in my experience, unless you will always be in direct sunlight.
I went through that and then bought a Carta 1200 display BOOX 13.9 and it's amazing. Black and white only, but the contrast makes the device usable.
If you know you won't return the device, get it on their website because they'll give you extra pen tips and a case. I got mine on Amazon, so I missed out on the extra stuff because of my return experience.
100% agreed. I have 2 Boox color tablets and 1 B&W and the contrast differences make the color ones far less pleasant to use. For reading with the backlight, color Boox is just not ready.
E Ink Gallery 3 [1] (used on the new remarkable) shouldn't have that problem as it is coloured particles rather than a filter array on top. So displaying white should be just as bright as a b/w display.
I've seen (in kobo documentation) statements that e-ink displays are good for up to about a million refreshes overall. At 75Hz that means a display might last about 4 hours total. Other displays claim up to 10 million, so that would be about a week's worth of regular work.
That could still get annoying though, since maybe the middle third of the display is going to get rapidly flipped on + off as you scroll through text/browse around websites. If that part of the display dies, but the outside 2 thirds still works, I think the panel is basically useless anyway.
I emailed Modos and they replied basically that the 1 million or 10 million refresh limits have been pessimistic in their testing — that they have not seen a display significantly “wear out”
The article is oddly written. It's not the e-ink display panels that are different; they're off-the-shelf modules from E-Ink that their controller is driving at 75 Hz. Presumably E-Ink themselves know that the panel can be driven at that rate.
And pixel-level addressing isn't innovative either. If you've written on an e-ink tablet and observed that the screen doesn't refresh with every pixel change under the stylus, that is surely because pixels are being toggled individually instead of doing a full screen refresh.
So perhaps the only difference is that it's an open source controller that's competitive with commercial e-ink display controllers? That's no small achievement and worth celebrating in and of itself. But it's not at all made clear by the article.
- Making the project open allows people to reuse displays they already own.
- Others can contribute and build on what’s been created.
- Open source firmware, documentation, and the driver board make development more accessible and help remove barriers that previously slowed community projects.
- It’s designed to work with a variety of electrophoretic panels, not only those from E Ink.
In the long run, this openness will strengthen the ecosystem, making it easier for new ideas to take shape and spread.
Regardless of manufacturer (remarkable, boox, supernote…), all e-paper tablets have one major performance problem: quickly scrolling through multiple pages of notes. No idea if the display is the limiting factor, or the cpu, but I’ve hit this issue on all tablets I’ve used. If you like riffling through pages in you paper notebook, you will hit the limit too. I know at least 2 people who stopped using their tablets over time because of this issue.
If this tech helps solve that problem, it’s more important to me than an eink monitor.
Edit: this is mainly important for notes, because sketches, scribbled diagrams and quick notes half-taken in meetings are not really searchable. PDFs and ebooks don’t have this problem.
I'm pretty sure it is the CPU.
On my Kobo Elipsa I've had it freeze a few times, mainly when going to pages with high resolution graphics or pages with a ton of vector graphics / markups.
Their demos most definitely show scrolling through long websites very quickly, and they show playing computer games and playing videos on e-ink displays as well. Amazing stuff really.
>Modos, a two-person startup with open-hardware roots, thinks it has cracked part of that problem with a development kit capable of driving an e-paper display at refresh rates up to a record 75 hertz.
Call me crazy, but I'd rather see these guys get a couple million than yet another chatgpt wrapper.
I want a clamshell that has one OLED/LCD screen and one e-ink screen.
Both should be multi-touch.
The hinge should pivot (like an omnibook) so that either screen can be visible when close.
Besides the obvious benefit of having a single tablet with both types of screen, in "laptop mode", the e ink screen could be used as a soft keyboard and touch pad.
Something like this in phone sizes could be really great too.
I too share your desire to code outdoor. When I don't find options, I ask myself if I should be dreaming of work/code when a part of me is trying to be in nature or with people around :P
I would love to see the performance trade-offs. I don't mind more battery draw, but how many shades of grey does it support? How bad is the ghosting? How white is the background? Is it clear enough to be used white-on-black? How often does it need a full screen refresh?
Back in the days when OLED screens didn’t exist, the rule was that white on black text needs to be bolder for legibility. Since super high contrast is now par for the course, designers with high end devices forgot about this.
I agree that the dark mode on the boox is terrible (I find for example obsidian absolutely unusable). But this could be easily fixed with bolder fonts.
Why does everyone seem to think straight away of portable devices.
I would get this for my main desktop monitor.
Seems like a great way to be able to do work and only work.
I would get this for my laptop screen and plug in my existing colour monitor.
In this parallel universe, I can afford the flagship laptop with the latest and greatest CPU and ample RAM because I have saved big on getting the 4x3 1600x1200 screen instead of the 4K AMOLED colour screen. I also get to eek out extra battery life big-time since the laptop goes into suspend e-reader style so I don't even know.
On the train the laptop works fine with nobody wanting to steal my PC. If I really need colour, I just pull out my mobile phone.
But there will never be the market for that. Monochrome LCDs went at the start of the century since everyone just wants colour. It is the same on desktop where, like yourself, I would really want one and be prepared to buy one even though I would have never tried f.lux.
This still uses a classic electrophoresis panel, perhaps even one that is produced by E Ink. These work by moving solid particles (pigment) through a liquid. Which is inherently a physically slow process. At high refresh rates there will be significant amounts of ghosting.
To get past that, we would need a different panel technology, a type of reflective ("e-paper") panel that is not based on electrophoresis.
Years ago there were many such display types in development. One option is electrowetting displays. Liquavista was a company that had a screen where tiny oil droplets were switched between being either round and small or flat and large, using high voltage. The flat droplets would cover the background of a pixel and make it dark, while the small ones would "hide" in the corner of the pixel to make most of the background visible. This is pretty fast because the oil droplets are surrounded by air, which doesn't resist the movement of the oil, in contrast to moving solid pigment through a liquid.
Another option was to to have microscopic mechanical (MEMS) plates inside a pixel, which produce color by creating light interference. Qualcomm's Mirasol tried to do that. The wavelength of the reflected light depends on the gap between the plates.
The cool thing with interference e-paper is that you can theoretically make a color display which doesn't need RGB subpixels. Colors could be created by continuously adjusting the gap rather than doing binary switching between black (UV or IR) and either red, green or blue. Not having RGB subpixels greatly increases contrast on colored screens because it can reflect much more light. An issue is that shades of white and magenta can't be straightforwardly created with interference, because those are not monochromatic colors with a single wavelength. Anyway, Qualcomm closed Mirasol just as they tried to make these subpixel-free screens viable.
What about cheaper, bigger displays? I want something that's ~16" but doesn't cost an arm and a leg, for displaying sheet music. Still haven't found anything that's suitable. Plenty of people I know use the 13" iPad Pro, but between the glare (stage lights can be intense) and the roughly-letter-paper size, I still prefer sheets of paper.
If you're happy with grayscale, biggest from Good-Display[1] offers 25" x 33". If you want bigger, you'll probably have to wait until Samsung's new 75" EMDX panel[2] becomes available for purchase.
I use E-ink for the reduced eye strain, the battery draw really does not bother me. I like having devices that last weeks on a single charge, but I would gladly charge them more often for an increased refresh rate.
If your phone screen became a 75hz e-ink display I'm pretty sure that would actually drain your battery faster than currently, which I assume is once per day. Would you accept that compromise of going from weeks to <1 day?
Just an anecdote, but my phone ran out of battery most often when a full charge lasted almost two days. It made me lazy about charging at night. Now I have a wireless charger next to my work computer and in my car, I probably don't need to charge at night any more. Granted, I'd prefer a large battery when I'm traveling, but battery size is less important to me recently.
I think a large part of it is because modos is really good at partial screen updates. This is also, in my understanding, how they achieve the high FPS rate.
The parts of the screen that doesn't update, courtesy of being e-ink, don't use any power at all. LCD will use power if you're looking at a static image, eink won't. And a lot of the time, 95% of the screen is a static image and only 5 percent actually updates. One of Modos' biggest innovations is successfully taking advantage of that.
So it's not actually 75hz all the time then? Depending on what's on the screen?
That's unfortunate.
I'm imagining a fast scrolling game with complex backgrounds where most of the pixels are changing values every frame, I assume it completely breaks down in that case.
It's 75hz when it needs to be, but if 2 frames are mostly identical, it doesn't needlessly move ink around. Effect: 75hz always as far as the user is concerned, but sometimes it uses less power than that when possible, due to very clever optimisations at the firmware level.
Or that's how I understand it anyway.
I saw that Alex Soto himself is in this comment thread, he'll know a lot more than me, I'm just spreading what little knowledge I've gathered from his blog posts and some of the discussions in the modos mastodon server.
I've probably misunderstood a lot of that too, I'm not a hardware engineer, just a lowly java dev with a strong but hobby level interest in eink.
Modos is my dream laptop, but it's currently unclear when that'll become reality.
The display can only show a video well that has this property of only updating parts of the screen but not everything at the same time? What if the video content is like so?
Wonder if you could make some kind of epaper laptop by combining one of these displays + controller, with a Framework motherboard/keyboard/components and 3D printing your own chassis?
I'm ok with E-paper's capabilities, the problem is cost. Even though it can't display all the content TFT & LCD can, it costs a LOT more. I'm not a hardware person, I just looked into the cost of working on an E-paper based wall-spanning display and just stacking LCD's and doing something ugly was much cheaper. I suspect it has to do with the wholesale economics and its demand.
I would love to have an eInk tablet that I can watch videos on (color not required). I frequently watch educational YouTube videos before bed, but I’d prefer to have something that isn’t beaming light into my eyes. Does something like this exist on the market today, or do I need to wait until this product gets released?
Did anyone tested Viwoods AiPaper ?
Forgetting about the AI part, the screen is Carta 1300 + Mobius which is rare. It’s really thin and light as well and software is updated regularly to match the competition, it has Android to install apps. While not perfect it looks quite good !
I watched some cheesy sci fi movie awhile ago that was completely forgettable except for the fact that their only screen technology seemed to be full color e ink. It was glorious. Would love to transition to it as soon as possible
> I basically want to build a custom e-reader with a RasPi Zero for learning/home use, 8-10inches would be great.
Though smaller than your target size, I did[1] something similar, and it was great fun. I believe there are still Waveshare hats with larger display sizes.
does anyone know how would e-ink compare to oldschool reflective TN LCD displays (those in Casios from the nineties)? I have a Playdate device with this type of screen and it seems pretty cool, I wonder why so few devices today are taking advantage of it.
Transflective LCD screens ("e-paper") compete with e-ink currently.
Monochrome e-ink has a better resolution and contrast ratio than old-school LCD devices (I'm comparing my experiences with a Palm Pilot in the 1990s and an Onyx BOOX in the 2020s). LCD can refresh far faster, in the 100+ / 100s Hz range, where typical e-ink refresh rates in my experience have been in the single-digit to low-double-digit Hz range (video is doable but far from ideal).
E-ink also displays quite nicely with a "frontlight", which brightens the background (whiter whites) without washing out the foreground (print/ink). Illuminated LCD displays tend to wash out the dark fields, though I've not viewed e-paper directly and cannot speak to that.
TFA is describing a far higher e-ink refresh rate than I've experienced directly.
I also have a Playdate! I think it's a Sharp MIP rather than TN LCD. MIP is actually pretty popular in some places -- particularly smartwatches where battery life matters more than bright colors; Garmin, Coros, Pebble etc. all use MIP displays for the lower end models.
The thing about MIP is that the viewing angles are just not that amazing. I have had a Kindle and a Kobo, and they look like paper no matter how I hold them. My Playdate however needs to be positioned at a pretty specific angle with respec to the light to get the best contrast.
Working with a modern terminal is very much dynamic... It always was, really.
We always aimed at fixing the lag, be it terminal rendering performance, network jitter (mosh anyone?), proper tab completion (including the ones that require network responses to complete), TUIs...
I'd still use eink for terminal, if it was cheaper. Just saying refresh rate is important for terminals.
The ghosting in that video is unbelievably strong. To the degree that I'd consider that unplayable. It's certainly not the experience the dev intended (given how much effort they put into the moire shader).
Is refresh rate necessarily tied to ghosting? Like higher refresh rate also means higher ghosting?
I suppose if we are at comparable refresh rates to LCDs, next metric to compare against is response time? I see significant amount of trailing while scrolling.
What if the dream is to replace all display in your life with e-paper?
Since variable refresh rate is getting ever-so-standardized, we could have the whole spectrum :)
“I would say instead of our secret sauce, we have open sauce,” says cofounder Alexander Soto. “You don’t even need to use the panel we’re offering. You could use a different panel and still get [75 Hz].”
Eink always could be driven quickly. The issue is that LCDs are more powerful efficient at high refresh rates
EInk needs a lot of power to move the heavier ink particles around. If you are doing that more and more rapidly, then even more power is drawn.
By 75Hz, I'm almost certain that LCD is far more power efficient. The LCD pixel (aka the liquid crystal) is a glorified capacitor, it takes some power to charge but it's exceptionally 'light' compared to eink.
That's why LCDs can go faster and faster. It's just physics. A capacitor / twisted crystal uses less power to turn on or off than EInk.
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EInks advantage is that if you turn off power, the ink stays put. So you spend a ton of power moving the ink around and then save lots and lots of power over the next seconds, minutes or more.
That's why EInk is ideal for once-a-day updates of prices (or other retailer tasks). The less you update, the less power used.
Our driver board, under continuous use, draws about 1 to 1.5W. A recent article below goes into some detail about our design choices.
https://www.crowdsupply.com/modos-tech/modos-paper-monitor/u...
Thanks. That article seems to have the quote I was looking for.
> E-ink screens are quite power hungry when it comes to peak current. Modern high-resolution panels can consume >20 W peak.
This is where I was wondering and yeah, 20+W is pretty hefty to support a relatively small 8" EInk screen or something.
All those updates cost all that power as long as updates are occurring. Maybe you can optimize many of them away (if some parts of the screen don't move, especially if software was rewritten to optimize for the display).
More importantly, it sounds like you've created a full custom FPGA controller over the voltages that go into an EInk display? That's impressive in its own right even if I don't think 75Hz is a good idea lol.
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FPGA or Full Blown Microprocessor are the only choices here. A high power SIMD/NEON arm64 probably could do the job, but I think the Spartan6 is a good choice as well and has more obvious and straightforward parallelism (and probably all the pins required to control the screen. Even a big microprocessor won't have as many low latency pins as an FPGA).
> Maybe you can optimize many of them away (if some parts of the screen don't move, especially if software was rewritten to optimize for the display).
Yes, that’s definitely something we want to work toward. As the community grows, we hope to tackle these kinds of optimizations together.
> A high power SIMD/NEON arm64 probably could do the job, but I think the Spartan6 is a good choice as well and has more obvious and straightforward parallelism
Yes, precisely for the reasons you stated. We also talk more about it below:
- https://www.youtube.com/live/okjJURIejIY
- https://github.com/Modos-Labs/Glider?tab=readme-ov-file#desi...
Congrats on the article either way!! I'm one of the daylight founders so I love to see progress made on electrophoresis
We personally couldn't make it work with low power but this seems promising!
Would be cool to get an actual desktop screen with something like your screen tech.
Thank you!
The article says:
> “Traditionally, the [e-paper display] controller used a single-state machine to control the entire panel, with only two states: static and updating,” says Modos cofounder Wenting Zhang. “Caster treats each pixel individually rather than as a whole panel, which allows localized control on the pixels.”
So in practice would it ever actually hit 20W unless you're doing something that requires constantly updating the whole screen, like playing a video game or watching a video? Surely updating only a few pixels at a time can't be that power hungry, right?
You guys should do a collab with the framework people. I bet they'd be happy to offer an e-ink screen on their laptops just as an option. I've been waiting on an e-ink option for ages.
We’d like to offer a kit for the MNT Reform, and possibly the Framework, in the future, though it’s not part of our current roadmap.
This...would be insanely amazing. A _real_ laptop with a proper 13" eink display at 75Hz!
I’d gladly pay for a crappy 30Hz version literally right now if they sold that. A framework with e-ink sounds like a dream
E-Ink's other advantage is being a non-emissive display. Transflective LCD displays have low contrast. I'm literally holding an e-ink tablet over the transflective monitor I'm typing this on and the difference in contrast at the same ambient illumination is considerable. If the price were right, I'd definitely consider a 75 Hz e-ink monitor even if the power draw was more than a normal LCD monitor.
Transflective LCD is bad but e-ink has terrible contrast compared to normal LCD displays. Like 4:1 vs 1000:1.
Maybe, but LCD panels are a light source, so it's not apples-to-apples. I _perceive_ eink as higher contrast than any LCD.
That is odd as I definitely do not perceive that.
My Kindle has much less contrast than my iPad, phone or computer - albeit I have brightness turned up.
I only use the Kindle as its battery will last over a day if reading my iPhone will not and also if reading in bright sunlight.
That depends on the external illumination. LCD contrast goes to shit under bright light.
In my experience using e-ink readers (admittedly I have a Kobo, which may not be the state of the art), I would like to refresh the screen rapidly in bursts -navigating menus, flipping past an index - and then have a non-backlit screen with low power cost to show the same content for a while. In other words, a variable refresh rate.
If you think of the refresh rate not as a constant frequency but as variable with user input, there are some cases where driving eink quickly in short bursts could make sense? It seems like this project offers a foundation for such a controller, where e-reader controllers are strictly optimizing for low refresh rates. E-ink is not going to be competitive for playing a video game or watching a video, but you can create a more responsive experience with less eye strain for typical tasks like marking up documents.
Yes, that’s the mental model I’ve been working from. Variable refresh tied to user input makes a lot of sense: short bursts of speed for navigation or editing, then settling into a low-power static state.
Part of the challenge is deciding what belongs in hardware and what should sit higher up in the OS or software stack.
Hopefully, as more people get the kits and the community grows, we’ll be able to think through these questions together and explore where the right balance between hardware and software should be.
That sounds like the way to go. In terms of reading books (my normal usage of e-ink readers) you don't need 60hz when flipping a page, but it's a must when trying to use an app menu, or using Google Drive for example.
Identifying when to increase the refresh rate may be a challenge but I can see it pretty doable for this kind of "limited" scenarios where you either read or navigate a storage app.
> EInks advantage is that if you turn off power, the ink stays put.
E-ink's other advantage is that it reads like paper. In a desktop context I could not possibly care less about the power consumption, but being able to read a forum thread, chat channel, HN discussion, etc. without a backlight would make my eyes very happy.
It's also about being usable in the sun.
Whereas it may be used in outdoors-like natural lighting, it is not (always) true that it is "usable in the sun". On one such product¹ there's this "Important Notice" advising users to "avoid exposing the E-ink screen to direct sunlight or intense ultraviolet rays, as this may cause irreversible damage to the screen."
¹ https://shop.dasung.com/products/dasung-25-3-e-ink-monitor-p...
there's no evidence/meta-analysis pointing e-ink screen tiring eyes more/less than LCD
There's no evidence/meta-analysis pointing milky and a warm blanket is cozier than water and a sleeping bag.
Is there any actual scientific study saying anything either way?
I'm aware of a lot of anecdotal evidence in favor of e-ink displays being easier on the eyes than normal LCDs in some way, my own personal experience included, but I will happily admit I'm wrong if there are studies indicating otherwise.
I like my Kindle and DIY e-ink weather display but I'm not religious about it. I wouldn't be shocked to find out it was just a weird placebo thing because it's different.
i don't think there are much but i made my research a decade ago after realizing i was having a good time with my smartphone compared to my e-reader
[1] suggests that LCD even increases processing speed compared to e-ink
[0] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22762257/
[1] https://bop.unibe.ch/JEMR/article/view/2338/3534
there's a study from Havard concluding "e-ink is 3 times better for eye health than LCD" but it feels rather dubious from the claims (blue light stressing more the retina... like i couldn't use a glass or apply a filter on my screen), light intensity (again...), in-vitro study and who funded the study (a great e-ink screen producer) -> https://sid.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jsid.1191
i probably read hundred books since i sold my e-reader and moved to my smartphone. i really like having a single device. battery is fine. physical books with images still rocks but maybe becuse i don't have a tablet :)
I've spent thousands of hours (I think) reading on a phone. I even prefer it over a physical book because it doesn't have that annoying crease and it doesn't spoil the story by telling me how far along in the book I am.
Well, not sure about your eyes, but you are certainly inviting neck problems, and carpal tunnel syndrome.
The problem is that there's not even a hypothesis for how light reflecting off an e-ink display could be easier on the eyes than light emitted from an LCD, unless the LCD is using PWM dimming of the backlight and thus flickering. I've never seen a claim that e-ink displays are easier on the eyes get further than the most obvious question: have you tried e-ink and LCD at the same brightness and similar color temperature?
How would that comparison work using an e-ink display illuminated only with ambient light in the room?
(i.e. setting the "frontlight" brightness to 0% on a Kindle, which would also eliminate color temperature control other than room ambient light).
It does seem hard to believe that e-ink + a reflected frontlight would be any easier on the eyes than an LCD backlight (particularly since it's probably also using PWM). But an e-ink display on its own at least removes an additional light source pointing directly at the eyes, which could provide a potential mechanism for different effects on the eyes/brain.
> But an e-ink display on its own at least removes an additional light source pointing directly at the eyes, which could provide a potential mechanism for different effects on the eyes/brain.
Not really, since LCD/OLED aren't an additional light source, but absorb and thus replace the ambient light that would be coming from their direction.
I don't know the science, but my experience is that my brain is simply able to process and retain information so much better with eInk than with LCD screens.
I started as a teenager with cathodic tubes, which were killing my eyes and bringing daily headaches; moved on to LCDs which stopped the headaches but still tire my eyes significantly (some of them literally make me cry after a few minutes); and then found eInk and it's so much better, I will definitely move to that once prices of large color monitors at 60hz get into my price range. I honestly don't care about power draw one bit.
Not really, since it's not just about the light intensity, but also its spectral power distribution. This especially matters when using the display in a darker environment with low-temperature illumination, e.g. when reading before bed.
Quick experiment to show the effect: Go into a room with low 2700K or lower-temp lighting. Take an LCD, set its colour temperature same as the external lighting, then display an all-black screen. Since the screen is displaying #000, the software colour temp adjustment can't do anything, and you'll see the screen as emitting blue light, the colour of its backlight.
OLEDs don't have this issue, which makes them great for night-time use when configured properly, but they also generally use low-frequency PWM dimming on low brightness.
If you've got that much backlight bleed, turn down your backlight.
Each LCD has a minimum backlight brightness, and I don't know any LCD that could be turned down enough to appear truly dark in a dimly-lit room.
> Not really, since LCD/OLED aren't an additional light source, but absorb and thus replace the ambient light that would be coming from their direction.
Don’t they actually have to over power the reflection you would see with the screen off?
Displays don't usually reflect significantly more than 10% of incoming light
E-Ink’s brightness is naturally proportional to ambient lighting. From indoors to bright sunshine.
Their brightness can also be conveniently, even subconsciously controlled, by how they are held.
LCDs can be dimmed and brightened, but matching the E-Inks “response” in both brightness and contrast over a high range of ambient lighting would be difficult. Probably impossible without an LCD specifically designed to do that.
the e-ink advantage is that it forces screen brightness to track room brightness.
Huh? I never read studies about it, but no hypothesis?
I frequently stumbled upon the assumption that a LCD screen is pulsed and flickers and that makes all the difference as E-Ink is more steady. (Artificial lightsources can also flicker, but with reflection it evens out)
In (old?) theory too fast for the eyes to notice, but I surely notice a difference.
I expect most eInk users use a frontlight, many/most of which are PWM-controlled.
You wait for the science then. I'm not sure about anyone else, but I can't use an LCD screen for more than 30 minutes without getting a headache. I use my e-ink screen all day without it triggering a headache.
>I can't use an LCD screen for more than 30 minutes without getting a headache
You're a software developer. How do you function? Do you spend pretty much your entire waking life with a headache?
Before I got the e-ink screen, yes, more or less. At the peak I did little screen-based development and a lot of pen-and-paper maths. I thought I would have to give programming away, and retrained for a different job. I got the e-ink screen 1 year ago and since then have slowly started developing again.
I believe HN has a slightly wider demographic these days. Maybe we should have people fix a bug in some bash script everytime they log in :p
It is fair for you to think I assumed the poster was a software developer, but in fact I looked him up before I made my comment and that is how he makes a living. (Unless something has changed recently.) I am genuinely curious how people (he's not the only one I know of) with such high sensitivity to LCD screens manage a career where staring at such screens for prolonged periods is the norm.
Go look at comparing reading books to screens. And all the studies looking at sleep quality and display usage.
Out of curiosity, if you have 75Hz but you're refreshing sparingly (e.g. you're in VSCode writing, unless you're scrolling, most pixels remain unchanged), wouldn't e-ink remain power-efficient?
Probably. E-ink drivers ("waveforms" is, I believe, the term of art) frequently target refreshes only at the portion of the display that has updated, using rectangles or other more-specific geometries to limit that area.
For text updates, where there's literally a cursor which moves at typing speeds, update frequency is quite low. Where you're updating or paging through documents, paginated navigation (where the whole screen refreshes at once, then remains unchanged for several seconds to minutes or longer) is quite efficient.
That requires the operating system to “hint” to the display that there’s no refresh necessary and for the display to shut down during those times. That’s currently not supported as these kits just take a video signal, but it’s something being worked on for a future version!
Edit: You work on that stuff, right? Then this armchair experting feels silly, just imagine it's for other readers.
It seems much more practical (if a little less power-efficient) to implement the no diff -> no refresh logic for screen regions in the display hardware. The RAM and logic for a display-side framebuffer can't be expensive today, a couple of Euros for the extra board space and chip(s). If that stuff takes off, just additional transistors in the all-in-one ASIC.
For the whole screen, that more or less already exists in laptop hardware: "panel self-refresh". HDMI and DiplayPort might need a new extension or something? Is there anything?
The Embedded DisplayPort standard has had the panel self-refresh feature since 2011, and the partial update feature since ~2015. I found a press release from Parade in early 2017 for a TCON supporting the partial refresh feature. I don't think there's anything missing from the ecosystem other than a strong impetus to use those features.
Yes! I work with the Modos team. You’re exactly right - ideally we want region-based refresh hinting. The SDK supports some region based features - we’d like to extend that functionality.
“Traditionally, the [e-paper display] controller used a single-state machine to control the entire panel, with only two states: static and updating,” says Modos cofounder Wenting Zhang. “Caster treats each pixel individually rather than as a whole panel, which allows localized control on the pixels.”
Is this saying that it is an either-or situation? Ideal would be a device that can be written fast when needed, but can also hold. Is there some more fundamental thing at a pixel level that links agility with retention?
E Ink uses microscopic ink bubbles that gets attracted to positive and negative voltages. The ink stays around when attraction stops, holding image. But the ink also require much stronger force than regular LCDs to move around.
LCDs use articulation of liquid crystal chemicals that change shape thus polarization upon application of voltages. They tend to slowly deform back to "the other" state when voltages are removed, and also tend to chemically break down if not moved back to the neutral state. LCDs are driven in pseudo-alternating current for this reason, and never held at either extremes for long time, for this reason.
So you can drive E Ink at 75Hz or whatever, it'll just take more power than it takes LCD to do so, and the last pixel states will persist. Or you can leave LCDs at extremes and disconnect the power, but it will lead to degradation if intentionally used that way.
What you can't do is 1) "watt per frame" figures of LCD, with 2) persistence, and 3) long life. (1, 3) is LCD, (2, 3) is E Ink, (1, 2) is LCD abused as if it's E Ink at expense of rapid degradation, and (1, 2, 3) is the holy grail.
Are LCD screens driven on a pixel by pixel basis, or is the entire screen driven on each refresh? Because the article says they're only causing changed pixels to refresh.
If so, you're probably still right when it comes to watching a video or something, but e-ink could be more efficient for drawing, writing, or reading.
IIUC, display controllers normally iterate rows and columns like a double for loop. The outer loop increments the row counter, inner one increments the column, and the voltage meets at the current pixel at pixels[i * j]. Most LCD controllers don't take pixel(i, j) or pixel[i * j] as the input, but expects a synchronize() signal to reset both counters followed by transfers of either row[width] in rows[height] or pixels[width * height].
The bare panel, for both LCD and EPD, would consist of a pair of glasses vapor coated with transparent indium tin oxide, chemically etched as bunch of horizontal lines on the first one and vertical in the other one, with corresponding choice of fluids suspended inbetween. It would be possible to wire a custom fabricated controller onto those row and column electrodes to drive individual pixels. I guess that is what is being done here.
No. I'm saying Tech#1 is more power efficient at 0.05Hz while Tech#2 is more power efficient at 50Hz.
Mysterious future Tech#3 will break the rules. OLED for example uses far less power on black pixels. It's just different.
Depending on your requirements, yes: https://sharpdevices.com/memory-lcd/
Mirasol IMOD had 15-60Hz near-zero static power displays.
Color was lower contrast of course.
I had worked on mirasol technology. I believe the colors on newer prototypes were much better than any e-reader tech till date. The issues were related to manufacturing most importantly.
I thought the issue was duty cycle, and that low refresh rates kept the screen working longer. Has e-ink tech gotten around this?
That's what I'm wondering about. I wouldn't mind temporary higher energy usage to get smoother interactions, but I'm not sure what the long-term impact on the screen is.
I’d recommend watching the video below, where we talk about how fast refresh affects a panel’s lifespan.
https://www.youtube.com/live/okjJURIejIY?feature=shared&t=24...
Flipping pages right now is very annoying. Slow and with the weird redrawing flashing. If they can find a way to fix that it'll be 100% worth it, even if it means high power draw on page changes.
You must have a very old, or very weird device. That sort of behaviour is more than a decade old.
There are refresh modes now which are very good at partial updates.
It's a pretty recent Kobo device.
Kobo devices do a full page refresh periodically, which is probably what you're seeing. iirc it will do it on chapter transitions to make it less jarring.
Basically, it's intentional and relatively rare (unless you have really really short chapters).
I have one of these:
https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0CDBYFH81
and a colour Boox. The refresh on the Boox is so fast, you can watch video.
I don't think the Meebook has refresh issues, it's definitely very fast for back/forward. Of course I don't have page turn animations on. I use the kindle app on it, and KOreader. If you get this, know that there is a thread to drop in a script, so the volume buttons page turn correctly when upside down.
If you live in Amazon turf, you can always buy and return if not suitable?
There are some reviews on Amazon.
It is not as easy as that. The nature of EInk displays allows them to be usable without a backlight LCDs need backlights constantly, any analysis which doesn't take this into account is irrelevant.
In any case, it is not clear that, even if EInk Displays are somewhat worse in power consumption, they aren't a superior display technology.
IANAE but won't e-ink at high refresh rates have the same benefit as OLED in terms of only refreshing what needs changing? perhaps in practical situations the power consumption should be lower than the worst-case scenario.
Do e-ink screens expire? Like screen slowly loose the ability to move the particles around, or the particles loosing the ability to move with charge.
If so, won't high refresh rates degrade eink rapidly.
In the DIY electronics scene, I’ve occasionally come across posts about small cheap e-ink displays essentially burning in and how to try and avoid it (shifting things around like on OLED)
https://github.com/esphome/feature-requests/issues/1109#issu...
This could be actual burn in, or it could be a failure in how they are refreshing (with some potential fix if refreshed properly). I’m not familiar enough to be certain myself, but I personally suspect they are likely being driven too hard and are truly damaged.
In normal e-reader use I’ve never seen this as a practical issue.
I’d recommend watching the video below, where we talk about how fast refresh affects a panel’s lifespan.
https://www.youtube.com/live/okjJURIejIY?feature=shared&t=24...
For dynamic content, a higher refresh rate absolutely will lower an eink panel's lifespan. As the refresh rate increases, more of the underlying content's changes will be captured and more pixels will change state.
I have an e-ink display that's now 15 years old. It's definitely a bit less clean, there is sometimes mild ghosting even after doing a full refresh. Doing two refreshes in quick succession fixes that.
I also have another display that was exposed to full sunlight through a window for about 8 years. It's now a bit faded as a result.
All in all, I consider it pretty good.
Waveshare specify 1 million switches per eink dot for their panels.
https://files.waveshare.com/upload/4/4e/2.13inch_e-Paper_V4_...
https://files.waveshare.com/upload/6/60/7.5inch_e-Paper_V2_S...
1 million switches for a pixel is about 5.5 hours at 50 Hz, assuming the worst case of a state change on every frame. Surely it can't be that bad for larger panels? The existing e-ink monitors from Dasung and Onyx would have had problems by now.
I imagine most people are using those monitors for text-based applications, which have a much lower rate of pixel change. Still - the pixel switch lifetime is currently a limitiation of eink.
Yes you can kill or degrade them if you drive them too hard, but achieving higher refresh rates and less ghosting is mostly about finer calibration and faster lookups on bigger tables
Kind of, many e-ink device when using under sunlight lose their contrast overtime. The Fossil Eink watch is one of the example.
That's a separate effect - eink degrades under UV. Fossil eink watches did not have enough UV filtering.
So I guess an e-ink display would not be good with my book reading habits then. I will often scroll a few lines at a time and that sounds power expensive.
You just have to read your books like you would read a book.
It would still only need to refresh fast enough to keep up with your line reading rate, right? Couldn’t be much more than 1 fps.
So why do eink monitors with ac power supplies still have lower refresh rates?
> The LCD pixel (aka the liquid crystal) is a glorified capacitor
Would it be possible to re-use the power that is stored in them?
I assume that's what Sharp Memory LCDs are doing to reach their absurdly low power specs.
I dunno if LCD screens are multiplexed, but embedded LCDs could need as many as 8x on/off cycles per pixel (because you save 87% fewer wires if you chain 8x pixels on the same line and then put them on different biases and have weird COMmon pins and rows and crap).
Sharp claims that a bit of storage is on each LCD/capacitor and this saves power somehow with smarter decision making. I assume it's minimizing the wasted power somehow (or even recycling the previous power shoved into the capacitor, which typically just goes to waste).
It's some proprietary formula in any case, so it's all guesswork. Only the Sharp Engineer/Inventor would know for sure.
From what I've tried to glean from patents and whitepapers, they have memory in the panel so that each sub-pixel can hold its state without being driven by the controller. The controller also can address sub-regions under the control of the application processor.
The net effect is that the app can vary refresh rate and also update a small part of the screen while leaving the rest static. In Garmin smartwatches, this is used to switch between 1 Hz, 1/60 Hz, and a hybrid mode where the overall screen is 1/60 Hz and small part is updated at 1 Hz. E.g. the seconds digits may remain active while the rest of the screen is static.
It also seems like they use more interesting sub-pixel arrangements. The limited color depth may involve different combinations of 1-bit sub-pixels rather than any cells driven into partially twisted states. I've seen diagrams claiming some white (unfiltered) and RGB filtered sub-pixels of different sizes.
Nah the energy is negligible.
For mobile devices that matters, but plenty of use cases for stationary displays, including desktops.
Actually, the advantage is that it is reflective and works better in high ambient light.
I wonder if we could engineer a lighter ink
I have been thinking e-ink would be good for weather reports on boats.
I mean, it depends on just how much power is needed I guess, but I'd be willing to make the trade for e-ink's contrast.
> says Modos cofounder Wenting Zhang
I am absolutely not surprised to see his name behind this startup. I've been following his work for years at this point; his YouTube channel has always deeply impressed me, and he's done wonderful open source work in the realm of E-paper for quite some time now.
Kudos to him, and I wish him all the best.
The article doesn't even touch on what I think is one of the coolest features: the ability to change update modes locally in subregions of the panel. And even better, they're already working on integrating that with the Wayland Content Type Hint protocol to let the compositor automatically pick the right mode for a given application for you, which then would work even if multiple applications are on the screen[0].
[0] https://www.crowdsupply.com/modos-tech/modos-paper-monitor/u...
Yes, this is one of the areas I’m most excited about; it makes e-ink more practical for everyday use and opens the space for experimentation. In the long run, as the community grows and more people get involved, we’ll see even more possibilities.
I play chess on a e-ink smartphone and it is a nice break for my eyes in the evening. I can not wait for the moment when I would be able to code on a nice colored e-ink desktop screen
BOOX has 13" Tab X C color e-ink reader, which runs Android. I have non-color version (Tab X), and used it few times to work under bright sun (in vim, connected over mosh/ssh to my laptop + wireless keyboard). It was okay experience - not perfect, but quite comfortable.
Be warned: each layer of eink reduces contrast. With 4 layers, the contrast of the color boox tablet is terrible. Also, if you buy from boox, you have to pay about $50 to return it. Not worth it at all in my experience, unless you will always be in direct sunlight.
I went through that and then bought a Carta 1200 display BOOX 13.9 and it's amazing. Black and white only, but the contrast makes the device usable.
If you know you won't return the device, get it on their website because they'll give you extra pen tips and a case. I got mine on Amazon, so I missed out on the extra stuff because of my return experience.
100% agreed. I have 2 Boox color tablets and 1 B&W and the contrast differences make the color ones far less pleasant to use. For reading with the backlight, color Boox is just not ready.
E Ink Gallery 3 [1] (used on the new remarkable) shouldn't have that problem as it is coloured particles rather than a filter array on top. So displaying white should be just as bright as a b/w display.
[1]: https://www.eink.com/brand/detail/Gallery_3
I guess I am not ready to work without having colored code
For what it’s worth, text formatting unrelated to color (font weight, italics, underline, etc) can provide some additional style variations.
You can get used to it quickly
There are already multiple color e-ink desktop monitor manufacturers... they're just not 75hz.
What e-ink smartphone do you use?
Not OP but I'm on a BigMe HiBreak Pro! Works... well enough.
Also HiBreak pro
I've seen (in kobo documentation) statements that e-ink displays are good for up to about a million refreshes overall. At 75Hz that means a display might last about 4 hours total. Other displays claim up to 10 million, so that would be about a week's worth of regular work.
Is there anything mitigating that issue?
Unless you are switching every pixel with every refresh, the panel will last longer than that. However, it's still a huge limitation on its lifetime.
That could still get annoying though, since maybe the middle third of the display is going to get rapidly flipped on + off as you scroll through text/browse around websites. If that part of the display dies, but the outside 2 thirds still works, I think the panel is basically useless anyway.
think in terms of "page-up" and "page-down" instead of scroll-wheel / thumb scrolling and it starts to feel alright.
I emailed Modos and they replied basically that the 1 million or 10 million refresh limits have been pessimistic in their testing — that they have not seen a display significantly “wear out”
Hmm, has Modos published "max number of refreshes" for their newest display?
The article is oddly written. It's not the e-ink display panels that are different; they're off-the-shelf modules from E-Ink that their controller is driving at 75 Hz. Presumably E-Ink themselves know that the panel can be driven at that rate.
And pixel-level addressing isn't innovative either. If you've written on an e-ink tablet and observed that the screen doesn't refresh with every pixel change under the stylus, that is surely because pixels are being toggled individually instead of doing a full screen refresh.
So perhaps the only difference is that it's an open source controller that's competitive with commercial e-ink display controllers? That's no small achievement and worth celebrating in and of itself. But it's not at all made clear by the article.
I agree with your points. I would add:
- Making the project open allows people to reuse displays they already own.
- Others can contribute and build on what’s been created.
- Open source firmware, documentation, and the driver board make development more accessible and help remove barriers that previously slowed community projects.
- It’s designed to work with a variety of electrophoretic panels, not only those from E Ink.
In the long run, this openness will strengthen the ecosystem, making it easier for new ideas to take shape and spread.
I love my e-ink tablet.
Regardless of manufacturer (remarkable, boox, supernote…), all e-paper tablets have one major performance problem: quickly scrolling through multiple pages of notes. No idea if the display is the limiting factor, or the cpu, but I’ve hit this issue on all tablets I’ve used. If you like riffling through pages in you paper notebook, you will hit the limit too. I know at least 2 people who stopped using their tablets over time because of this issue.
If this tech helps solve that problem, it’s more important to me than an eink monitor.
Edit: this is mainly important for notes, because sketches, scribbled diagrams and quick notes half-taken in meetings are not really searchable. PDFs and ebooks don’t have this problem.
I'm pretty sure it is the CPU. On my Kobo Elipsa I've had it freeze a few times, mainly when going to pages with high resolution graphics or pages with a ton of vector graphics / markups.
Their demos most definitely show scrolling through long websites very quickly, and they show playing computer games and playing videos on e-ink displays as well. Amazing stuff really.
https://www.crowdsupply.com/modos-tech/modos-paper-monitor
>Modos, a two-person startup with open-hardware roots, thinks it has cracked part of that problem with a development kit capable of driving an e-paper display at refresh rates up to a record 75 hertz.
Call me crazy, but I'd rather see these guys get a couple million than yet another chatgpt wrapper.
I've been praying for a good e ink phone and laptop for years.
I'd love something similar to the Lightphone but a bit smarter.
And a laptop or device I can code with outdoors at a picnic table in broad daylight.
I want a clamshell that has one OLED/LCD screen and one e-ink screen. Both should be multi-touch. The hinge should pivot (like an omnibook) so that either screen can be visible when close.
Besides the obvious benefit of having a single tablet with both types of screen, in "laptop mode", the e ink screen could be used as a soft keyboard and touch pad.
Something like this in phone sizes could be really great too.
I too share your desire to code outdoor. When I don't find options, I ask myself if I should be dreaming of work/code when a part of me is trying to be in nature or with people around :P
I would love to see the performance trade-offs. I don't mind more battery draw, but how many shades of grey does it support? How bad is the ghosting? How white is the background? Is it clear enough to be used white-on-black? How often does it need a full screen refresh?
> How many shades of grey does it support?
16 levels of grayscale support.
> How bad is the ghosting?
Ghosting depends on the mode you're using and the content.
> How white is the background?
Varies, depends on the panel you're using.
> Is it clear enough to be used white-on-black?
Yes
> How often does it need a full screen refresh?
That's up to you; you can manually clear with a button press, use auto-clear mode, or programmatically control it.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AoDYEZE7gDA&ab_channel=Modos
Answers would be more helpful if you answered based on the panel you were using rather than saying it depends on the panel
Back in the days when OLED screens didn’t exist, the rule was that white on black text needs to be bolder for legibility. Since super high contrast is now par for the course, designers with high end devices forgot about this.
I agree that the dark mode on the boox is terrible (I find for example obsidian absolutely unusable). But this could be easily fixed with bolder fonts.
How long do the pixels last before they start getting stuck?
I've had over half a dozen E-ink devices, and do not recall ever noticing a stuck pixel.
In your sample size of 7+, do any of those devices refresh 75 times per second?
Why does everyone seem to think straight away of portable devices. I would get this for my main desktop monitor. Seems like a great way to be able to do work and only work.
I would get this for my laptop screen and plug in my existing colour monitor.
In this parallel universe, I can afford the flagship laptop with the latest and greatest CPU and ample RAM because I have saved big on getting the 4x3 1600x1200 screen instead of the 4K AMOLED colour screen. I also get to eek out extra battery life big-time since the laptop goes into suspend e-reader style so I don't even know.
On the train the laptop works fine with nobody wanting to steal my PC. If I really need colour, I just pull out my mobile phone.
But there will never be the market for that. Monochrome LCDs went at the start of the century since everyone just wants colour. It is the same on desktop where, like yourself, I would really want one and be prepared to buy one even though I would have never tried f.lux.
If you want a greyscale display, you can use a tool like f.lux to de-colorize all your monitors.
> If you want a greyscale display, you can use a tool like f.lux to de-colorize all your monitors.
For some of us it is not the greyscale that we find easier to read. e-Ink reflects light, while LCDs emit light. My eyes like first a lot more.
For over 1000$ you can have reflective LCD 1080p display.
https://www.sunvisiondisplay.com/rE-Monitor
Then you're wasting 2/3 of the display bandwidth. Give me my greyscale with √3 times the DPI.
This still uses a classic electrophoresis panel, perhaps even one that is produced by E Ink. These work by moving solid particles (pigment) through a liquid. Which is inherently a physically slow process. At high refresh rates there will be significant amounts of ghosting.
To get past that, we would need a different panel technology, a type of reflective ("e-paper") panel that is not based on electrophoresis.
Years ago there were many such display types in development. One option is electrowetting displays. Liquavista was a company that had a screen where tiny oil droplets were switched between being either round and small or flat and large, using high voltage. The flat droplets would cover the background of a pixel and make it dark, while the small ones would "hide" in the corner of the pixel to make most of the background visible. This is pretty fast because the oil droplets are surrounded by air, which doesn't resist the movement of the oil, in contrast to moving solid pigment through a liquid.
Another option was to to have microscopic mechanical (MEMS) plates inside a pixel, which produce color by creating light interference. Qualcomm's Mirasol tried to do that. The wavelength of the reflected light depends on the gap between the plates.
The cool thing with interference e-paper is that you can theoretically make a color display which doesn't need RGB subpixels. Colors could be created by continuously adjusting the gap rather than doing binary switching between black (UV or IR) and either red, green or blue. Not having RGB subpixels greatly increases contrast on colored screens because it can reflect much more light. An issue is that shades of white and magenta can't be straightforwardly created with interference, because those are not monochromatic colors with a single wavelength. Anyway, Qualcomm closed Mirasol just as they tried to make these subpixel-free screens viable.
What about cheaper, bigger displays? I want something that's ~16" but doesn't cost an arm and a leg, for displaying sheet music. Still haven't found anything that's suitable. Plenty of people I know use the 13" iPad Pro, but between the glare (stage lights can be intense) and the roughly-letter-paper size, I still prefer sheets of paper.
I want color e-paper that can show large paintings, like 30” x 40”. When is that coming out finally !!
If you're happy with grayscale, biggest from Good-Display[1] offers 25" x 33". If you want bigger, you'll probably have to wait until Samsung's new 75" EMDX panel[2] becomes available for purchase.
[1] https://www.good-display.com/product/452.html
[2] https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-showcases-color-e-pa...
How about mobile monitors? Like Uperfect?
A few thoughts: it would be cool if the controller could do targeted refreshes to conserve power, only flipping pixels that changed.
It would be cool to see a Linux distribution with a gui and windowing system specifically designed for e-ink displays.
Not sure what optimizations would even be needed…
Presumably the Pine Note folks have been looking into that, and presumably it's one of the goals of their Developer Edition:
https://pine64.org/devices/pinenote/
FPGA and e-ink at 75Hz? It sounds like it will have a high power draw.
Our driver board, under continuous use, draws about 1 to 1.5W. A recent article below goes into some detail about our design choices.
https://www.crowdsupply.com/modos-tech/modos-paper-monitor/u...
I use E-ink for the reduced eye strain, the battery draw really does not bother me. I like having devices that last weeks on a single charge, but I would gladly charge them more often for an increased refresh rate.
If your phone screen became a 75hz e-ink display I'm pretty sure that would actually drain your battery faster than currently, which I assume is once per day. Would you accept that compromise of going from weeks to <1 day?
Curious.
Just an anecdote, but my phone ran out of battery most often when a full charge lasted almost two days. It made me lazy about charging at night. Now I have a wireless charger next to my work computer and in my car, I probably don't need to charge at night any more. Granted, I'd prefer a large battery when I'm traveling, but battery size is less important to me recently.
I'm curious too. But I would definitely take the risk and purchase such a device, so long as it comes with an EMR stylus.
Compared to other e-ink devices, yes.
Compared to LCD, oled or what have you, my understanding is that it uses significantly less.
LCDs can have superior power draw than EInk.
See the microwatts of power that Sharps MemoryLCD displays have. They often beat comparable EInk screens in power draw.
Is that because it doesnt have a backlight?
I think a large part of it is because modos is really good at partial screen updates. This is also, in my understanding, how they achieve the high FPS rate.
The parts of the screen that doesn't update, courtesy of being e-ink, don't use any power at all. LCD will use power if you're looking at a static image, eink won't. And a lot of the time, 95% of the screen is a static image and only 5 percent actually updates. One of Modos' biggest innovations is successfully taking advantage of that.
So it's not actually 75hz all the time then? Depending on what's on the screen?
That's unfortunate.
I'm imagining a fast scrolling game with complex backgrounds where most of the pixels are changing values every frame, I assume it completely breaks down in that case.
It's 75hz when it needs to be, but if 2 frames are mostly identical, it doesn't needlessly move ink around. Effect: 75hz always as far as the user is concerned, but sometimes it uses less power than that when possible, due to very clever optimisations at the firmware level.
Or that's how I understand it anyway.
I saw that Alex Soto himself is in this comment thread, he'll know a lot more than me, I'm just spreading what little knowledge I've gathered from his blog posts and some of the discussions in the modos mastodon server.
I've probably misunderstood a lot of that too, I'm not a hardware engineer, just a lowly java dev with a strong but hobby level interest in eink.
Modos is my dream laptop, but it's currently unclear when that'll become reality.
Again, Alex Soto will know more.
For a fast scrolling game it makes more sense to use a display which is made for that.
The display can only show a video well that has this property of only updating parts of the screen but not everything at the same time? What if the video content is like so?
I made a e-ink newspaper display: https://github.com/pathikrit/newswall
This would be amazing
> instead of our secret sauce, we have open sauce
I enjoyed that quote.
Not really knowledgeable enough about the tech, to comment further, but I like EInk, and look forward to seeing it be more useful.
Thanks!
Wonder if you could make some kind of epaper laptop by combining one of these displays + controller, with a Framework motherboard/keyboard/components and 3D printing your own chassis?
I'm ok with E-paper's capabilities, the problem is cost. Even though it can't display all the content TFT & LCD can, it costs a LOT more. I'm not a hardware person, I just looked into the cost of working on an E-paper based wall-spanning display and just stacking LCD's and doing something ugly was much cheaper. I suspect it has to do with the wholesale economics and its demand.
Congrats to Alex and Wenting on the reaching your funding goals for the Modos Developer Kit! I'm a backer and soon to be hacker.
[1]: https://www.crowdsupply.com/modos-tech/modos-paper-monitor
I would love to have an eInk tablet that I can watch videos on (color not required). I frequently watch educational YouTube videos before bed, but I’d prefer to have something that isn’t beaming light into my eyes. Does something like this exist on the market today, or do I need to wait until this product gets released?
That's about the worst use case for existing eink panels, as they have a limited number of switching cycles before the dots start to degrade.
I just wish there were more e-ink Android devices. Most of the devices available today are expensive, and they suck.
Did anyone tested Viwoods AiPaper ? Forgetting about the AI part, the screen is Carta 1300 + Mobius which is rare. It’s really thin and light as well and software is updated regularly to match the competition, it has Android to install apps. While not perfect it looks quite good !
I watched some cheesy sci fi movie awhile ago that was completely forgettable except for the fact that their only screen technology seemed to be full color e ink. It was glorious. Would love to transition to it as soon as possible
This is great, but I see lots of ghosting and apparently low contrast. Sad to see no mention of it in the article.
What's the best e-paper/e-ink display on the market with a good price-performance ratio that I can use to tinker around with?
I basically want to build a custom e-reader with a RasPi Zero for learning/home use, 8-10inches would be great.
Don't care much about it being touchscreen.
> I basically want to build a custom e-reader with a RasPi Zero for learning/home use, 8-10inches would be great.
Though smaller than your target size, I did[1] something similar, and it was great fun. I believe there are still Waveshare hats with larger display sizes.
[1] https://johnj.com/posts/e-paper-rpi-display/
Oh looks like a fun project :D nice writeup.
Yeah even I could only find waveshare displays at the size I wanted that were cheap enough not to burn a significant hole in my pocket.
Remarkable
> I basically want to build a custom e-reader with a RasPi Zero for learning/home use, 8-10inches would be great.
I've been using a Kobo Libra color lately, and man E-ink has gotten SO GOOD.
It's high resolution, snappy, and the whole package is light as a feather and with batteries that last for ages.
I know some people prefer paper, but I love modern e-readers. They're amazingly tuned.
It is a bit difficult to tell what is compression artifacts and what is real here, but there's still a fair bit of "tailing" in the image.
So, it is comparable to LCD sure, but to an oldd LCD of CSTN tech or such.
does anyone know how would e-ink compare to oldschool reflective TN LCD displays (those in Casios from the nineties)? I have a Playdate device with this type of screen and it seems pretty cool, I wonder why so few devices today are taking advantage of it.
Transflective LCD screens ("e-paper") compete with e-ink currently.
Monochrome e-ink has a better resolution and contrast ratio than old-school LCD devices (I'm comparing my experiences with a Palm Pilot in the 1990s and an Onyx BOOX in the 2020s). LCD can refresh far faster, in the 100+ / 100s Hz range, where typical e-ink refresh rates in my experience have been in the single-digit to low-double-digit Hz range (video is doable but far from ideal).
E-ink also displays quite nicely with a "frontlight", which brightens the background (whiter whites) without washing out the foreground (print/ink). Illuminated LCD displays tend to wash out the dark fields, though I've not viewed e-paper directly and cannot speak to that.
TFA is describing a far higher e-ink refresh rate than I've experienced directly.
I also have a Playdate! I think it's a Sharp MIP rather than TN LCD. MIP is actually pretty popular in some places -- particularly smartwatches where battery life matters more than bright colors; Garmin, Coros, Pebble etc. all use MIP displays for the lower end models.
The thing about MIP is that the viewing angles are just not that amazing. I have had a Kindle and a Kobo, and they look like paper no matter how I hold them. My Playdate however needs to be positioned at a pretty specific angle with respec to the light to get the best contrast.
I always think refresh rate and color aren't the problem, eink vendors need to find the right customer crowd.
For color e-ink displays, instead of competing with LCDs, target a niche market: 8-color terminals for programmers.
Then refresh rate is a problem.
Working with a modern terminal is very much dynamic... It always was, really.
We always aimed at fixing the lag, be it terminal rendering performance, network jitter (mosh anyone?), proper tab completion (including the ones that require network responses to complete), TUIs...
I'd still use eink for terminal, if it was cheaper. Just saying refresh rate is important for terminals.
Refresh rate is imperceptible on the Daylight. https://daylightcomputer.com/product
Nice, they have a video of playing Return of the Obra Dinn on the screen https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClK8lDJWJcw
The ghosting in that video is unbelievably strong. To the degree that I'd consider that unplayable. It's certainly not the experience the dev intended (given how much effort they put into the moire shader).
Is refresh rate necessarily tied to ghosting? Like higher refresh rate also means higher ghosting?
Another gameplay video I'd recommend seeing is Blanc: https://www.youtube.com/live/9PAKPfHBa5Q?feature=shared&t=11...
That game is beautiful, more so on the eink display...
Clearly there are some issues with ghosting?
I suppose if we are at comparable refresh rates to LCDs, next metric to compare against is response time? I see significant amount of trailing while scrolling.
Response time is on par with LCDs - the trailing you’re seeing is ghosting, which in most situations is not common but does occur occasionally.
This looks too cool not to mess with - looking forward to some fun projects in the new year.
Can you stick it into type-c of macbook air and work on a sunny outside environment?
I want color!
The thought of high response high resolution passive lit screens appeals.
Our driver board works with color e-ink screens.
I wish e-paper would soon reach the realm of my wallet.
Sick and tired of seeing really neat announcements with pricing out-of-bounds for hobbyists.
(At least those who aren’t prepared to spend thousands just to experiment with a new toy screen)
Fun that this is getting the attention it deserves. I order the kit and am excited to get it.
Don't want 75Hz or even 10Hz from my Epaper. Want a maximum battery life, 1Hz is plenty
What if the dream is to replace all display in your life with e-paper? Since variable refresh rate is getting ever-so-standardized, we could have the whole spectrum :)
“I would say instead of our secret sauce, we have open sauce,” says cofounder Alexander Soto. “You don’t even need to use the panel we’re offering. You could use a different panel and still get [75 Hz].”
Also, new battery tech quadruples energy density, and new discovery brings us 10 years closer to fusion energy. More news at 10.