I got this knowledge really too late, but recently I've learned how the music is (was?) made on old computers like Atari 65XE or NES (the same processor 6502). The amount of work specified in the article above, is increased by the calculation of vsync of the monitor used, and correlating it with the sound frequency. This leads for example to the same game playing in different tonation on PAL and NTSC. Today it's already obsolete, but the emulator still has to be emulating the one or the other standard, to comply with the code. Today we have great privilege to abstract the sound from the monitor sync (by OS) but this is not the case in some embedded devices.
> that’s why CD music had a sample rate of 22000 Hz. Modern sound cards however tend to use sampling rates twice as high - 44100 Hz or 48000 Hz or even 96000 Hz.
Not exactly the point of the article, but this is all sort of wrong. CDs use a sample rate of 44.1 kHz per channel, not 22 kHz. I'd hazard this cuts down on rounding errors from having only one sample per 22kHz range. DAT used 48 kHz I believe to align evenly with film's 24 frames per second. 96 kHz is commonly used for audio today, and the additional accuracy is useful when editing samples without producing dithering artifacts within human hearing range.
44.1 was selected because it was a viable rate for recording on both PAL and NTSC video recorders gently modified to capture digital audio on tapes that were sent out to the mastering plants. There is nothing otherwise special about it.
20kHz is the top of the human hearing range, and picking something a little bit higher than 40kHz gives you room to smoothly roll off frequencies above the audible range without needing an extremely steep filter that would create a large phase shift.
If you tell me about sound, and describe sound, and speculate about sound... give me sound.
It's a small thing. But if you're going to say you have something to say about sound, give me some sound to demonstrate your point.
I got this knowledge really too late, but recently I've learned how the music is (was?) made on old computers like Atari 65XE or NES (the same processor 6502). The amount of work specified in the article above, is increased by the calculation of vsync of the monitor used, and correlating it with the sound frequency. This leads for example to the same game playing in different tonation on PAL and NTSC. Today it's already obsolete, but the emulator still has to be emulating the one or the other standard, to comply with the code. Today we have great privilege to abstract the sound from the monitor sync (by OS) but this is not the case in some embedded devices.
Discussed at the time:
How to create minimal music with code in any programming language - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=24940624 - Oct 2020 (78 comments)
> that’s why CD music had a sample rate of 22000 Hz. Modern sound cards however tend to use sampling rates twice as high - 44100 Hz or 48000 Hz or even 96000 Hz.
Not exactly the point of the article, but this is all sort of wrong. CDs use a sample rate of 44.1 kHz per channel, not 22 kHz. I'd hazard this cuts down on rounding errors from having only one sample per 22kHz range. DAT used 48 kHz I believe to align evenly with film's 24 frames per second. 96 kHz is commonly used for audio today, and the additional accuracy is useful when editing samples without producing dithering artifacts within human hearing range.
44.1 was selected because it was a viable rate for recording on both PAL and NTSC video recorders gently modified to capture digital audio on tapes that were sent out to the mastering plants. There is nothing otherwise special about it.
CDs use 44.1kHz because your sample rate needs to be double the highest frequency you want to encode to avoid aliasing artifacts: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist%E2%80%93Shannon_sampli...
20kHz is the top of the human hearing range, and picking something a little bit higher than 40kHz gives you room to smoothly roll off frequencies above the audible range without needing an extremely steep filter that would create a large phase shift.
no audio sample on the webpage?
(2020)