>Before HD, almost all video was non-square pixels
Correct. This came from the ITU-R BT.601 standard, one of the first digital video standards authors of which chose to define digital video as a sampled analog signal. Analog video never had a concept of pixels and operated on lines instead. The rate at which you could sample it could be arbitrary, and affected only the horizontal resolution. The rate chosen by BT.601 was 13.5 MHz, which resulted in a 10/11 pixel aspect ratio for 4:3 NTSC video and 59/54 for 4:3 PAL.
>SD channels on cable TV systems are 528x480
I'm not actually sure about America, but here in Europe most digital cable and satellite SDTV is delivered as 720x576i 4:2:0 MPEG-2 Part 2. There are some outliers that use 544x576i, however.
I also have a few decrypted samples from the Hot Bird 13E, public DVB-T and T2 transmitters and Vectra DVB-C from Poland, but for that I'd have to dig through my backups.
Just look at Japanese television… most channels get broadcast at 1440x1080i for 16:9 content instead the full 1920x1080i (to save bandwidth for other things, I assume), so it's still very common with HD too.
It may also be due to legacy reasons. Japan was a pioneer in adopting HD TV years before the rest of the world, but early HD cameras and video formats like HDCAM and HDV only recorded 1080i at 1440x1080. They’d likely have to replace a lot of equipment to switch over to full 1920x1080i.
I'm confused... what does DVD, SD or any arbitrary frame size have to do with the shape of pixels themselves? Is that not only relevant to the display itself and not the file format/container/codec?
My understanding is that televisions would mostly have square/rectangular pixels, while computer monitors often had circular pixels.
Or are you perhaps referring to pixel aspect ratios instead?
A square pixel has a 1:1 aspect ratio (width is the same as the height). Any other rectangular pixel with widths different than their heights would be considered "non-square".
F.ex. in case of a "4:3 720x480" frame… a quick test: 720/4=180 and 480/3=160… 180 vs. 160… different results… which means the pixels for this frame are not square, just rectangular. Alternatively 720/480 vs. 4/3 works too, of course.
Yes I think they are conflating square pixels with square pixel aspect ratios.
If a video file only stores a singular color value for each pixel, why does it care what shape the pixel is in when it's displayed? It would be filled in with the single color value regardless.
This reminded me of retina screenshots on mac — selecting a 100×100 area can produce a 200×200 file. Different cause but same idea - the stored pixels don’t always match what you see on screen.
This is indeed similar in the effects, but completely different in the cause to the phenomenon referenced in the article (device pixel ratio vs pixel aspect ratio).
What you're referring to stems from the assumption made a long time ago by Microsoft to simplify the development of Windows, later adopted as a de facto standard by most computer software. The assumption was that the pixel density of every display is 96 pixels-per-inch [1].
As the pixel density of today's displays has grown much beyond that, mostly popularized by Apple's Retina, a solution was needed to accommodate legacy software written under this assumption. This resulted in the decoupling of "logical" pixels from "physical" pixels, with the logical resolution being most commonly defined as the "what the resolution of the display would be given its physical size and a PPI of 96" [2], and the physical resolution representing the real amount of pixels. The 100x100 and 200x200 values in your example are respectively the logical and physical resolutions of your screenshot.
Different software vendors refer to these "logical" pixels differently, but the most names you're going to encounter are points (Apple), density-independent pixels ("DPs", Google), and device-independent pixels ("DIPs", Microsoft).
I might be misunderstanding what you're saying, but I'm pretty sure print and web were already more popular than anything Apple did. The need to be aware of output size and scale pixels was not at all uncommon by the time retina displays came out.
From what I recall only Microsoft had problems with this, and specifically on Windows. You might be right about software that was exclusive to desktop Windows. I don't remember having scaling issues even on other Microsoft products such as Windows Mobile.
Print was always density-independent. The web, at least how I rememeber it, for the longest time was "best viewed in Internet Explorer at 800x600", and later 1024x768, until vector-based Flash came along :)
It's the desktop software that mostly had problems scaling. I'm not sure about Windows Mobile. Windows Phone and UWP have adopted an Android-like model.
Proving that everything is more complicated than you first think it is when you lift up a corner of the rug.
> Videos with non-square pixels are pretty rare...
Before HD, almost all video was non-square pixels. DVD is 720x480. SD channels on cable TV systems are 528x480.
>Before HD, almost all video was non-square pixels
Correct. This came from the ITU-R BT.601 standard, one of the first digital video standards authors of which chose to define digital video as a sampled analog signal. Analog video never had a concept of pixels and operated on lines instead. The rate at which you could sample it could be arbitrary, and affected only the horizontal resolution. The rate chosen by BT.601 was 13.5 MHz, which resulted in a 10/11 pixel aspect ratio for 4:3 NTSC video and 59/54 for 4:3 PAL.
>SD channels on cable TV systems are 528x480
I'm not actually sure about America, but here in Europe most digital cable and satellite SDTV is delivered as 720x576i 4:2:0 MPEG-2 Part 2. There are some outliers that use 544x576i, however.
Here's some captures from my Comcast system here in Silicon Valley.
https://www.w6rz.net/528x480.ts
https://www.w6rz.net/528x480sp.ts
Cool!
Doing my part and sending you some samples of UPC cable from the Czech Republic :)
720x576i 16:9: https://0x0.st/P-QU.ts
720x576i 4:3: https://0x0.st/P-Q0.ts
That one weird 544x576i channel I found: https://0x0.st/P-QG.ts
I also have a few decrypted samples from the Hot Bird 13E, public DVB-T and T2 transmitters and Vectra DVB-C from Poland, but for that I'd have to dig through my backups.
Just look at Japanese television… most channels get broadcast at 1440x1080i for 16:9 content instead the full 1920x1080i (to save bandwidth for other things, I assume), so it's still very common with HD too.
It may also be due to legacy reasons. Japan was a pioneer in adopting HD TV years before the rest of the world, but early HD cameras and video formats like HDCAM and HDV only recorded 1080i at 1440x1080. They’d likely have to replace a lot of equipment to switch over to full 1920x1080i.
I'm confused... what does DVD, SD or any arbitrary frame size have to do with the shape of pixels themselves? Is that not only relevant to the display itself and not the file format/container/codec?
My understanding is that televisions would mostly have square/rectangular pixels, while computer monitors often had circular pixels.
Or are you perhaps referring to pixel aspect ratios instead?
A square pixel has a 1:1 aspect ratio (width is the same as the height). Any other rectangular pixel with widths different than their heights would be considered "non-square".
F.ex. in case of a "4:3 720x480" frame… a quick test: 720/4=180 and 480/3=160… 180 vs. 160… different results… which means the pixels for this frame are not square, just rectangular. Alternatively 720/480 vs. 4/3 works too, of course.
I’m no expert but this sounds like a digital version of the anamorphic lens/system, doesn’t it?
Am I missing the obvious, but it seems like the author is messing with the aspect ratio.
Yes I think they are conflating square pixels with square pixel aspect ratios.
If a video file only stores a singular color value for each pixel, why does it care what shape the pixel is in when it's displayed? It would be filled in with the single color value regardless.
This reminded me of retina screenshots on mac — selecting a 100×100 area can produce a 200×200 file. Different cause but same idea - the stored pixels don’t always match what you see on screen.
This is indeed similar in the effects, but completely different in the cause to the phenomenon referenced in the article (device pixel ratio vs pixel aspect ratio).
What you're referring to stems from the assumption made a long time ago by Microsoft to simplify the development of Windows, later adopted as a de facto standard by most computer software. The assumption was that the pixel density of every display is 96 pixels-per-inch [1].
As the pixel density of today's displays has grown much beyond that, mostly popularized by Apple's Retina, a solution was needed to accommodate legacy software written under this assumption. This resulted in the decoupling of "logical" pixels from "physical" pixels, with the logical resolution being most commonly defined as the "what the resolution of the display would be given its physical size and a PPI of 96" [2], and the physical resolution representing the real amount of pixels. The 100x100 and 200x200 values in your example are respectively the logical and physical resolutions of your screenshot.
Different software vendors refer to these "logical" pixels differently, but the most names you're going to encounter are points (Apple), density-independent pixels ("DPs", Google), and device-independent pixels ("DIPs", Microsoft).
[1]: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/fontblog/whe...
[2]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window/devi...
Thanks for sharing - it’s interesting to see how choices from the past continue to shape technology today.
I might be misunderstanding what you're saying, but I'm pretty sure print and web were already more popular than anything Apple did. The need to be aware of output size and scale pixels was not at all uncommon by the time retina displays came out.
From what I recall only Microsoft had problems with this, and specifically on Windows. You might be right about software that was exclusive to desktop Windows. I don't remember having scaling issues even on other Microsoft products such as Windows Mobile.
Print was always density-independent. The web, at least how I rememeber it, for the longest time was "best viewed in Internet Explorer at 800x600", and later 1024x768, until vector-based Flash came along :)
It's the desktop software that mostly had problems scaling. I'm not sure about Windows Mobile. Windows Phone and UWP have adopted an Android-like model.
Obligatory "A Pixel Is Not A Little Square"
https://alvyray.com/Memos/CG/Microsoft/6_pixel.pdf